Motivation
Motivation refers to the internal processes that initiate, guide, and sustain goal-oriented behavior. It encompasses both conscious and unconscious factors that drive individuals to act.
Key Theories and Concepts:
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Proposes that individuals are motivated by a progression of needs, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.
- Self-Determination Theory (SDT): Suggests that people are motivated to grow and change by three innate and universal psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
- Expectancy Theory: Posits that individuals are motivated to act based on the expected outcomes of their behavior, considering the likelihood of achieving desired results.
- Incentive Theory: Suggests that behavior is motivated by external rewards or incentives, emphasizing the role of external stimuli in driving actions.
👁️ Perception
Perception involves the process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret sensory information to form a meaningful understanding of the world around them.
Key Concepts:
- Selective Attention: The process by which individuals focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others.
- Selective Distortion: The tendency to interpret information in a way that aligns with one’s existing beliefs and attitudes.
- Selective Retention: The process of remembering information that supports one’s beliefs and forgetting information that contradicts them.
- Framing Effect: The way information is presented can influence perception and decision-making, highlighting the impact of context on interpretation.
💬 Attitude
Attitude refers to a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically reflected in a person’s behavior.
Components of Attitude:
- Cognitive Component: Beliefs and thoughts about an object or issue.
- Affective Component: Feelings or emotions toward an object or issue.
- Behavioral Component: The way the attitude influences behavior.
Influencing Factors:
- Social Norms: Perceived social pressures can shape attitudes and behaviors.
- Cognitive Dissonance: The discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes, leading to attitude change.opentextbc.ca
- Learning and Experience: Attitudes are often formed and modified through personal experiences and social learning.
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